Fire safety knowledge summary

First, do not ignore the small cigarette head

Fingertips, small cigarettes are thrown away.

In the rush, innocent lives and precious possessions vanish in the fire caused by small butts.

It will be recalled: In 1987, shocked the world Daxinganling major fire raged for up to a month, causing million people affected, displaced 5.6 million people, 193 people were killed in the fire, 226 people were injured, economic losses of up to 69 billion yuan. The occurrence of fire was caused by workers smoking in the wild and using open fire.

Had not expected, ruin 53 lives, resulting in Jilin "2.15" in the Zhongbai department store fire injured 70 people, turned out to be because smoking is a cardboard when employees send to the Treasury, the cigarette butts dropped on the ground caused.

Look at a set of data: In 2003 alone, there were 10053 fires caused by cigarette butts in the country , resulting in 218 deaths and serious losses.

Is there such a large amount of energy in cigarette butts?

The high temperature of the cigarette, the temperature of the central portion up to 700- - 900 ℃, it is easy to ignite combustible objects. According to experiments, cigarettes cause cotton, kapok fire need 3--7 minutes synthetic fabrics causing ignition only takes about 1 minute. It can be seen that throwing cigarette butts is very easy to cause fire.

In order to prevent cigarette smoke from causing fire, smokers should pay attention to the following points:

1 . Do not lie in bed or on the sofa to smoke, especially after drinking.

2 . Do not casually, regardless of the occasion, readily throw cigarette butts.

3 . Do not smoke when servicing cars and cleaning parts.

4 . Do not spray ash anywhere, and do not drop soot on flammable materials when smoking.

5 . Do not hide the unburned cigarettes in the cuffs or pockets in a hurry or panic.

6 . Do not put lighted cigarettes on flammable objects, such as desks, boxes, etc.

7 . Do not smoke in places such as petrol stations, chemical plants, paper mills, etc. where “no smoking is prohibited”.

Second, beware of children playing with fire into trouble

In the annual fire statistics of fire protection agencies, fires caused by children playing with fire account for a certain percentage. Especially during the winter and summer vacations, some students, especially primary school students, have a strong desire for knowledge and curiosity. They are interested in the spark of flashing light. They want to know exactly what they are, but they do not understand the danger of fire, and they do not know that they should pay attention when using fire. What, when it catches fire, it's easy to panic. Therefore, we must guard against children playing with fire and causing fire.

Children play with fire and cause fires. There are several situations: playing with lighters and matches cause fires; using open flame lighting to find things to cause fires; burning leaves, papers, etc. to play; cooking games cause fires.

In order to prevent children from playing with fire and causing a fire, parents should pay attention to the following points:

1 . Always educate your children not to play with fire, especially when you are alone at home. To explain to children the danger of playing with fire, let the children unfathomably know that water and fire are ruthless.

2 . Parents must strictly guard the fire, and can not easily put it away. Otherwise, it is objectively convenient for children to play with fire.

3 . Don't let children of young age be able to tamper with electrical appliances, especially power outlets, to prevent electric shock and sparks.

4 . When you turn the gas switch, you often hear a pleasing "click, bang" sound, which is the sound of a spring return under the knob. Some children are curious and always have fun. For this reason, children must be educated not to play the gas switch at will. Once the switch is turned on, the gas will leak out without a fire, which is very dangerous.

5 . To teach children several effective and safe ways to escape. At the same time, let the children know how to call the police, how to call for help, and work hard to save time for adults.

Third, do not block the fire exit

Stairs, passages, and safety exits are the most important escape routes in the event of a fire. Unimpeded access should be ensured, and no debris or locks should be placed on the locks. Otherwise, in the event of an accident, there will be no hope of escape and aggravation of the disaster.

December 25, 2000, Luoyang City East are commercial buildings occurrence of major fire accidents, the death of 309 people, the direct economic loss of 2.75 million yuan. Afterwards, experts analyzed that except for the illegal welding of unlicensed welders, one of the main causes of heavy losses was the closure of the fire exits. The entertainment city on the fourth floor of the commercial building has four evacuation passages, of which three are blocked by iron fences, and the only fire truck passage in the commercial building is also illegally occupied.

Tan Hotel in Harbin-day fire in 2003 occurred on February 2, the security port is closed is the main cause serious casualties.

February 15, 2004, Jilin City in a hundred commercial buildings in the serious fire, resulting in 53 deaths, 70 people were injured. One of the reasons for the serious losses is because the fire exits in commercial buildings are not smooth. The first floor of the commercial building originally had a main entrance and two partial doors, one of which had a stairway leading directly to the top of the building, but this partial door was blocked by two stores. The commercial buildings on both sides of the building are construction sites. There are 34 windows on the first floor and the second floor of the commercial building . Among them, 30 are equipped with iron fences, which makes it difficult to escape from the window.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, in the past 10 years, of the nearly 100 major fires with a death rate of more than 10 in the country , more than two-thirds of them had the problem of evacuation routes and the safety exits being blocked or locked up. It can be seen that if iron gates are installed at safety exits, iron guardrails are installed on external wall windows to block emergency safety passages. In the event of a fire, the tragedy of group injuries can easily be caused. To this end, everyone should consciously abide by the relevant requirements of fire safety and ensure the smooth passage of fire fighting.

Fourth, the classification of fire and save

A fire is a disaster caused by the loss of control over time and space.

(a) Classification of fires

According to the nature of combustibles, fires are divided into four categories : A , B , C , and D.

1 . Class A fire: refers to a solid material fire. Such as wood, cotton, wool, hemp, paper fire, etc.

2 . Class B fires: Refers to liquid fires and solubilized solid material fires. Such as gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin fire and so on.

3 . Category C fire: refers to a gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, propane, acetylene, hydrogen fire and so on.

4 . Category D fire: refers to an alkali metal fire. Such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, lithium, aluminum-magnesium alloy fire.

(b) Fire fighting

Different types of early fires use different types of fire extinguishers to save.

1 . A fire fighting should be used in water-based, foam, dry ammonium salt, alkyl halide type fire extinguishers.

2 . The use of dry powder, foam, haloalkane, and carbon dioxide type fire extinguishers for fighting Class B fires should not be used to extinguish water. Do not use chemical foam fire extinguishers for fighting polar solvents in Class B fires.

3 . The use of dry powder, haloalkane, and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be used to save Class C fires; water can also be used to cool various tanks, and valves should be closed as soon as possible to block the sources of combustible gas, that is, to prevent air leakage before extinguishing the fire. Acetylene fires must not be extinguished with water.

4 . Halogenated alkane, carbon dioxide, and dry powder fire extinguishers should be used to prevent live fires. Water and foam fire extinguishers should not be used.

5 . Extinguishing Class D fires. As far as China's current situation is concerned , fire extinguisher products that have not been finalized for fighting Class D fires can be replaced by dry sand or dry cast iron.

6 . Extinguish fires of precision instruments, precious materials, specimens, books, etc., use 1211 Halon fire extinguisher or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, and do not use water, dry powder, foam, ammonium phosphate dry powder, etc.

Fifth, the correct use of fire extinguishers

(a) Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, colorless gas with good stability. It is pressurized and liquid into a fire extinguisher bucket (steel cylinder). At 20 °C , the pressure in the cylinder reaches 6Mpa . After the liquid carbon dioxide is ejected from the fire extinguisher, it quickly evaporates and turns into solid snow-like carbon dioxide at a temperature of – 78 °C . The solid carbon dioxide is sprayed on the burning object and rapidly absorbs heat and volatilizes into gas. Carbon dioxide has a good cooling and suffocation during extinguishing.

There are two kinds of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers: one is duck bill type. When using, unplug the insurance pin, hold the horn wooden handle in one hand, point it at the fire, press the duck tongue down with the other hand, and immediately eject the carbon dioxide from the bell mouth. The other switch is wheeled. When in use, with the horn in one hand and aiming at the fire, one can turn the plum wheel in a counterclockwise direction.

Carbon dioxide is a poor conductor of electricity and is suitable for fighting fires on live equipment ( below 600V ). Carbon dioxide is non-corrosive and can also be used to extinguish the fire of important document files and valuable instruments and equipment. Extinguishing oil fires also has good results. Because metallic sodium and potassium light metals can capture oxygen from carbon dioxide and continue to burn, carbon dioxide is not suitable for fighting live metal fires.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are not afraid of freezing, but they are afraid of high temperatures and do not put them near heat sources. The storage temperature must not exceed 42 °C , otherwise the internal pressure will increase the rupture of the safety membrane and the extinguisher will fail. When using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, do not directly hold the metal conduit by hand or point the nozzle at people to prevent frostbite.

Weighing use a method for detecting the stock of carbon dioxide per year, and if the weight ratio of carbon dioxide to reduce its nominal 1? 10, it should be filled. In addition, a hydrostatic test shall be conducted once a year and the test date shall be marked.

(b) Dry powder fire extinguisher

Dry powder fire extinguisher is an efficient fire extinguishing device, which is available in both portable and cart type. Extinguishing agents are two types of sodium bicarbonate BC and ammonium phosphate ABC . BC type can extinguish Class B (flammable liquids, grease) and class C (combustible gas) beginning fire; in addition to the ABC extinguishing type B, C fires, but also to extinguish Class A (solid matter) since the beginning of the fire, is General purpose dry powder fire extinguisher. At the same time, because dry powder has good insulation, it can also be used to extinguish electrical fires below 50Kv .

1 . Use of dry powder fire extinguisher

When the fire is extinguished, stand upwind and as close to the fire as possible, first pull out the safety pin or open the ring, hold the end of the nozzle of the fire extinguisher with one hand, align the nozzle with the flame root, and press the pressure handle with one hand, the fire extinguishing agent is ejected. Can extinguish. A small, non-nozzle fire extinguisher can press the nozzle directly at the flame root to press down on the handle. In the push-type fire extinguisher, first open the gas cylinder switch and observe the pressure gauge. After the pressure in the tank increases to 1.5 - 2.0 Mpa , align the nozzle with the root of the fire, pull the wrench and fire it.

When using, it should be noted that the dry powder fire extinguisher can not be used upside down. When extinguishing the oil flame, the fire extinguishing agent should not be directly injected on the oil surface to avoid the fuel being sprayed. Further, if BC extinguish Class A fires with fire suppression agent, since it can only put out the flame, the fire can not be extinguished yin, it is easy to re-ignition. For this reason, Class A fires use water or ABC dry powder to extinguish the fire.

2 . Dry powder fire extinguisher management

Dry powder fire extinguisher handling should be handled gently to prevent bump damage. Should be placed in - 20 ~ 55 °C environment, and keep dry and ventilated to prevent moisture erosion; also to avoid sun exposure and strong radiation. Newly purchased fire extinguishers should pay attention to check the pressure gauges, and should be checked once every six months after use. If the pressure gauge pointer is lower than the dial green area should be overhauled and filled. Once the fire extinguisher is opened, it must be refilled no matter how much the extinguishing agent is sprayed. When filling, it should go to a professional maintenance unit approved by the fire supervision department.

(c) 1211 fire extinguisher

The 1211 fire extinguisher has two kinds of portable and cart type. The internal medium adopts a 1211 extinguishing agent that has only been developed in recent years . The chemical name of this extinguishing agent is difluoromonochloromethane. Under normal temperature and pressure, it is a colorless gas having a boiling point of - 4 ℃. Usually 1211 fire extinguishing agent in sealed cylinders, the charging pressure 2.5 - 3Mpa, stored in a liquid state.

This fire extinguishing agent has the characteristics of no traces after fire extinguishing, no signs of pollution, no corrosion, and wide adaptability . It can effectively extinguish A , B , C fires and live object fires. Especially for precious instruments, books and data specimens and other advantages.

1 . When using the portable 1211 fire extinguisher, first pull out the safety pin, hold the open handle in one hand, hold the nozzle in the other hand or hold the bottom ring of the fire extinguisher, and press down the handle forcefully, and the fire extinguishing agent is sprayed from the nozzle and released. The spray is stopped when the handle is turned on. When the fire is extinguished, the nozzle should be aligned with the root of the fire and repeatedly swept from near and far until the flame is completely extinguished.

2 . When using a 1211 fire extinguisher with a cart , remove the nozzle and stretch the hose. Turn the handwheel on the cylinder counterclockwise until it reaches the open position. Hold the nozzle with both hands. When the person is in the upwind position, push the spray switch by hand. The nozzle is swept from near and far to the root of the flame , until the flame is completely extinguished. After extinguishing the flame, if the drug is used, the cylinder hand wheel should be tightly closed, and the spray switch should be pressed open to spray the remaining drug in the hose. After weighing and lateral pressure, if the amount exceeds 50% of the drug bottle, the air pressure 1.5Mpa or more, can continue to use, or to re-dosing, flushed with nitrogen.

Usually pay attention to checking whether the seal of the fire extinguisher is in good condition and whether the pressure gauge pointer is in the green area. If the pointer is in the red area, the cause should be ascertained, refilled after inspection, and marked with the date of filling.

Six, safety is strictly prohibited "smoke fire"

In work and life, you often see warning signs of “no smoking”. At this point, we should understand that we have entered a public gathering place or a key fire area.

(1) The normally occurring parts of the “non-smoke” sign

1 . Units with high fire risk, such as chemical plants, gas storage tank stations, gas stations, textile mills, oil plants, paper mills, etc.

2 . Major sites that have a major impact, such as power plants, substations, communication equipment rooms, and historical document storage rooms.

3 . Concentration of materials and places where economic losses occur after a fire, such as warehouses for materials, raw material stores, oil depots, laboratories that store advanced technology equipment, etc.

4 . The places where people are concentrated and where there are major fire accidents, such as theaters, conference rooms, clubs, shopping malls, hospitals, libraries, and exhibition halls.

(II) Requirements for entering key fire prevention sites

According to the importance of fire prevention, public gathering places or key areas are listed as key fire prevention sites, and they must be:

1 . Do not smoke in these places and use open fire.

2 . Don't bring irrelevant flammable and explosive materials into the fire-proof key parts.

3 . Strictly abide by the requirements of various safety warning signs, comply with various fire safety regulations, and obey the management of fire safety personnel.

4 . Vehicles or items do not occupy the fire protection facilities, do not block the fire exits, and do not damage the fire-fighting equipment and alarm facilities.

5 . Discourage illegal personnel, stop illegal activities, and jointly maintain fire safety at key fire prevention sites.

7. Which fires cannot be saved by water

Water energy is the basic knowledge of life, because the evaporation of water can reduce the temperature of the combustion, and can also dilute the air, so that the flame extinguishes due to lack of oxygen. Therefore, whenever there is a fire or fire danger, people first think of using water to extinguish the fire. however. Not every fire can use water to save.

1 . Electrical fire. When a fire occurs in an electrical appliance, it is necessary to cut off the power supply first. If it is impossible to determine whether the power has been cut off, do not use water to save. Because water is a polar molecule, it has weak conductivity itself. Therefore, the use of water to save electrical fires is prone to electric shocks. Electric fires should use carbon dioxide, 1211 , dry powder fire extinguishers or dry sand to save, and savers must keep more than 2 meters away from electrical equipment and wires .

2 . Pan fire. When the pan is on fire, do not pour with water. Because the temperature of hot oil is above 300 °C , the water will be violently vaporized when it encounters hot oil, causing a "fried pan", splashing the oil everywhere and prone to scald. The way to save is: quickly pour the cut cold vegetables into the pot along the side of the pot and the fire will automatically extinguish. Another method is to use a lid or other non-flammable material that covers the pan to cover the burning pan so that the burning oil cannot reach the air and extinguish due to lack of oxygen.

3 . Fuel oil, paint fire. When the fuel oil or paint stored in your home catches fire, it must not be poured with water. Because the oil is lighter than water, the oil floats on the water to expand the burning area and increase the fire. The correct method is to use foam, dry powder, 1211 fire extinguisher or sand to fight.

4 . Computer fire. When the computer is on fire, it should be unplugged immediately and use an alkyl halide or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to save it. If you find it timely, you can quickly cover the computer with wet carpets and quilts after disconnecting the power supply. Do not splash water on the computer because the sudden drop in computer temperature will cause the computer's hard disk and display screen to explode.

5 . Chemical dangerous goods fire. In many laboratories or parts of warehouses, there are always a certain amount of alkali metals such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and potassium, sodium, lithium, low-firing metal, acetylene, etc. These items easily react with water and cause combustion. Or explode. This must not be used to save water, but should be based on the chemical properties of the fire material selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents or dry yellow sand for fire fighting.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.