Niobium metal turns blue when left at room temperature for a long time. Although its elemental state has a higher melting point (2,468 ° C), it has a lower density than other refractory metals. Niobium is resistant to many acids and alkalis.
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Symptoms: This disease only occurs in the roots, especially the lateral roots and branches are most vulnerable. The damaged part of the root produces a tumor or root knot of different sizes, which is shaped like a chicken claw. Looking inside, the white tiny pear-shaped females are buried in the diseased tissue. Sparse and fine new roots are often produced on the root nodules or root knots, and then the new roots are swollen with roots. The aerial part of the seriously ill strain showed growth weakness, the plant was short, the leaves were light and dull, and it was not strong or firm. When the weather is dry or the water supply is insufficient, there will be wilting in the upper part of the ground before and after noon, and it will return to normal when the temperature is low in the morning and evening.
Pathogen: This disease is caused by root knot nematode infection. The female's head is pointed and the abdomen is swollen. The whole body is pear-shaped and the size is 0.45-1.6×0.26-0.80 mm. The female is linear, colorless and transparent, and has a size of 1 to 1.5×0.03 to 0.04 mm. It mainly lives in the soil. Occurrence: Root-knot nematodes overwinter in the soil with second-instar larvae. Each female can lay 300-600 eggs. The eggs produced by the females do not hatch in the current year, and remain in the insects (in the tumor), and they overwinter in the soil with the diseased bodies. When the environmental conditions are appropriate in the following year, the overwintering eggs hatch into larvae. There are also larvae that overwinter in the soil. Before the larva invades the host, it moves in the soil for a short distance and looks for the host. Most of the larvae invade from the roots, stimulate the host cells to accelerate the division, so that the affected part forms a tumor or root knot (worm), and the root-knot nematode develops in the insects. When the larva develops to the third age, it begins to differentiate between the two sexes, and at the fourth age, it matures and begins to lay eggs. The male soon left the host to die in the soil. The hatched first-instar larvae remain in the egg shell, and when they reach the second age, they leave the egg shell and leave the host plant in the soil to find new infestation points, re-infect or overwinter in the soil.
Factors affecting the incidence: the relationship between soil temperature and humidity and disease. When the soil temperature is between 25 °C and 30 °C and the soil water holding capacity is about 40%, it is suitable for the development of root-knot nematodes. It is not resistant to high temperatures and usually dies at about 55 ° C for 5 minutes.
The relationship between topography and soil quality and disease. The root-knot nematode is aerobic. Any neutral sand with loose soil and loose soil is suitable for the activity of root-knot nematodes. The soil is damp, sticky, and knotted, which is not conducive to the activity of root-knot nematodes, so the incidence is lighter. The relationship between farming system and disease. The incidence of continuous cropping is heavier, and the longer the continuous cropping period, the heavier the disease.
Control measures: the implementation of rotation is best with gramineous crops, onion and garlic rotation, rotation for 2 to 3 years, in order to receive a certain effect.
Deep ploughing and sunning: According to the survey, root-knot nematodes are the most in the soil layer of 1 to 3 inches deep, and they can be deeply ploughed and sun-killed. Strengthen cultivation management: thoroughly remove the diseased bodies, burn them in a concentrated manner, and disinfect the diseased pits with lime. Biological control: use the nematode to kill insects (Paecilomyces lilacinus, fungal nematicide), can be seeded at the time of sowing, or mixed with organic fertilizer in the planting when planting. For specific usage and dosage, please refer to the product manual. It has good effect on the prevention and control of various soil nematodes in successive years, has no residual toxicity to crops, does not pollute soil and water sources, and has certain stimulation effect on crops.
Precautions; this agent cannot be mixed with fungicides. Expired drugs can no longer be used.
Chemical control: use low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides, such as 98% fast-killing microgranules 5 kg/mu, or 50% phoxim granules 2~2.5 kg/mu, mix fine soil 30-50 kg, mix into toxic soil Ditch application or acupoint application, can also apply the soil to the ground, while plowing and ploughing the land, and planting it 2 to 3 days after the sputum, it can receive certain control effects. The diseased plant can be irrigated with 70% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate of 1000-1500 times, and once every 7-10 days, it can be continuously irrigated 2~3 times. The amount of each solution is 300-500 ml.
Niobium is less electropositive than zirconium on its left. Its atomic size and Tantalum atoms located below it are almost the same, which is caused by the lanthanide contraction effect. This makes niobium chemically very similar to tantalum. Although
its corrosion resistance is not as high as that of tantalum, it is
cheaper and more common, so it is commonly used as a replacement for
tantalum in less demanding applications, for example as coating material
in chemical plant tanks.The Melting Niobium is a kind of primary material, which can be used as an additive in the production of iron and steel. And the melting niobium is the best choice for the production of Niobium Ingot. Compare with the niobium strip, the smelting niobium can make the better niobium ingot.
Cucumber root knot nematode disease is widely distributed and occurs in all parts of China. There are many host plants, in addition to cucumber, there are many crops such as loofah, bitter gourd, melon, watermelon, melon, tomato, pepper and eggplant. It not only directly affects the growth and development of vegetable crops, but also causes or exacerbates the occurrence of sickle blight by the damage of root knots, prompting the rapid death of plants.
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