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Cotton premature aging, also known as early senescence, is a common issue in cotton cultivation where the plant exhibits signs of aging and leaf drop during the late growth stages. This condition leads to reduced boll production, smaller and underdeveloped cotton bolls, shorter fibers, and decreased tensile strength, all of which negatively impact yield and quality. As a result, farmers face economic losses, reduced income, and diminished profitability from their cotton fields. Preventing premature aging and boosting productivity has become a critical challenge in modern cotton farming.
The main causes of premature aging include root damage, nutrient deficiency, and pest infestations. Root injury is a major contributor—prolonged waterlogging, compacted soil, and poor aeration can hinder root development, leading to stunted growth and early aging. Overuse of herbicides, insufficient soil cultivation during the bud stage, and an underdeveloped root system further exacerbate the problem, reducing the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients effectively.
Nutrient and water shortages also play a significant role. Long-term absence of organic fertilizers depletes the soil of essential nutrients and trace elements. Inadequate base fertilizer application, improper timing of flower and boll fertilization, and insufficient irrigation can lead to nutrient deficiencies and drought stress, causing the plant to age prematurely.
Pests and diseases are another key factor. Insects such as the cotton aphid, red spider mite, and tobacco thrips can cause extensive leaf damage or defoliation. Diseases like yellow blight, if not controlled early, can lead to red leaf blight under favorable weather conditions. Additionally, sudden temperature fluctuations combined with drought or excessive irrigation can cause "water poisoning," resulting in severe leaf loss and early decline.
To manage premature aging, several strategies can be implemented. First, avoid excessive pruning and retain some axillary buds to maintain sufficient foliage for photosynthesis. After topping, apply foliar fertilizer, starting with nitrogen and then potassium every 8–10 days. Timely application of potassium is crucial for fiber development, especially in low-lying areas where soil drainage may be poor. Combining potassium sprays with pest control measures, such as using a solution of 2–3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 7–10 days, can be effective.
Proper fertilization after topping is also important, particularly for early-planted cotton that experiences early drought. Controlling pests like whiteflies, spider mites, and cotton blight through timely and varied pesticide applications is essential. Finally, breaking up soil compaction by plowing at the right time helps improve root growth and nutrient uptake without damaging the roots.
By implementing these practices, farmers can reduce the risk of premature aging, enhance cotton yield, and ensure better long-term profitability.