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In the context of urban planning, the issue of refugee shelters remains a critical concern. Tao Wei, General Manager of Wuhe International Group in China, highlighted the shocking sight of rubble piles after an earthquake. Even those who managed to escape buildings often faced dangers from falling debris. In densely populated Chinese towns, the importance of urban shelter planning cannot be overstated.
Modern urban planning includes essential disaster prevention measures such as fire protection regulations, civil air defense support, and flood control standards. However, with rising land values, urban open spaces are shrinking. Despite the presence of large squares or parks, it's unclear how people would reach them in an emergency.
Research from Beijing’s controlled detailed planning in 1995 emphasized that each street should have at least 3,000 square meters of green space for disaster preparedness. This three-tier green space system isn’t just about aesthetics; it ensures safe spaces in high-density areas. Green areas, community spaces, and group green spaces must not be mere strips of vegetation but functional, safe zones.
Tao Wei emphasized that while high-density communities are inevitable due to China’s national conditions, careful planning and social responsibility from developers and the public are essential to ensure safety and sustainability.
When it comes to earthquake resistance, shear wall structures offer significant advantages. Wu Tao, Deputy General Manager of Wuhe International Group, explained that modern seismic design aims for "no collapse in big earthquakes, repairable in medium ones, and no damage in small ones." When cracks exceed resistance levels, buildings should avoid immediate collapse to allow for evacuation.
Masonry structures, though common, have weak connections between blocks. Even with reinforcement, they can easily fail under strong seismic activity. Frame structures provide more open spaces but lack lateral stiffness, leading to large displacements during earthquakes. In contrast, reinforced concrete shear walls offer greater stability and limited damage during major quakes.
The frame-shear wall system combines the benefits of both, offering spacious layouts and improved seismic performance. Different structural forms behave differently under various earthquake intensities, with shear wall and frame-shear wall systems being more resilient.
Advancements in technology have introduced new methods to enhance building safety. Isolation techniques, such as using rubber pads between the foundation and structure, reduce seismic responses by up to 60%. Real-world examples, like hospitals in Los Angeles and Kobe, demonstrate the effectiveness of these systems.
Architectural design principles also play a key role. Ensuring sufficient strength, stiffness, and ductility helps buildings withstand earthquakes. The Bank of America in Managua, designed with multiple lines of defense, survived a major earthquake with minimal damage.
Experts stress that anti-collapse measures should be a priority, especially for older buildings not originally designed for seismic resilience. Many pre-1980s structures were not built with earthquake resistance in mind. Improving the seismic performance of masonry and frame structures is crucial, particularly in high-risk areas.
While architectural innovation is important, simplicity in design—such as clear force transmission and multiple defensive layers—is vital for safety. Additionally, secondary disasters like fires and landslides must be considered in future housing designs.
In conclusion, balancing aesthetics with functionality, prioritizing safety, and investing in resilient infrastructure are essential for creating secure and sustainable living environments.