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In a recent discussion, Tao Wei, the general manager of Wuhe International Group in China, highlighted the critical issue of urban refuge planning. He pointed out that the rubble left after an earthquake was alarming, and even those who managed to escape buildings often faced dangers from falling debris. In densely populated Chinese towns, the need for well-planned urban shelters is especially crucial.
Modern urban planning includes essential disaster prevention strategies such as fire safety regulations, civil defense measures, and flood control standards. However, as land values rise, open spaces are shrinking. Even with large public squares or parks, the question remains: how can people quickly reach these areas during an emergency?
A 1995 study on Beijing’s detailed planning emphasized the importance of ensuring each street has at least 3,000 square meters of green space, which serves as a shelter during disasters. This three-tier green space system—residential, community, and group-level—is not just about aesthetics but about creating safe zones in high-density environments. These green areas should not be mere strips of grass; they must serve a functional purpose beyond simple building spacing.
Tao Wei urged that while high-density communities are inevitable due to China’s national conditions, strict planning controls, developer responsibility, and public awareness are essential to ensure safety and sustainability.
Wu Tao, a senior expert in high-end residential design, and Liu Ping, a structural engineer at Wuhe International Group, explained that China’s seismic design goal is to prevent collapse during major earthquakes, allow repairs after medium ones, and minimize damage from smaller tremors. When cracks exceed resistance, buildings should not collapse immediately, giving people time to escape.
Masonry structures, made of bricks and stones, have weak connections, making them vulnerable during strong earthquakes. Frame structures offer more open space but lack lateral stiffness, leading to significant displacement and damage. In contrast, reinforced concrete shear wall structures provide high lateral stiffness and minimal displacement, limiting damage to door and window openings. Even if walls crack, their legs can still support floors, preventing large-scale collapses.
Frame-shear wall systems combine the benefits of both, offering spacious layouts while enhancing seismic performance. Different structural forms perform differently under various earthquake intensities, with shear wall and frame-shear wall systems generally being more resilient.
Liu Ping noted that technological advancements have introduced new methods to improve building seismic capacity. One such method is seismic isolation, which uses devices like rubber pads between the foundation and structure to reduce seismic impact. This technique has proven effective, reducing acceleration responses by up to 60%.
Real-world examples, such as hospitals in Los Angeles and Kobe, Japan, demonstrated the effectiveness of isolation technology. During the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake, isolated hospitals functioned normally, while non-isolated ones suffered severe damage. Similarly, isolated buildings in Kobe remained intact.
Architectural design principles also play a key role in enhancing seismic safety. Structures must have sufficient strength, stiffness, and ductility to withstand earthquakes. Ductility allows materials to deform without failing, which is crucial for safety during strong shaking.
The Bank of America in Managua, designed by Lin Tongyan, exemplifies this approach. With multiple lines of defense and energy-dissipating components, it survived a major earthquake with only minor damage. Many other buildings collapsed, resulting in numerous casualties.
Experts emphasize that anti-collapse capabilities must be a focus of future research, especially for older masonry and frame structures that were not originally built to withstand strong earthquakes. In economically disadvantaged regions, these structures will remain common for years.
While architectural trends often prioritize aesthetics, good seismic performance relies on simple shapes, clear load paths, and multiple defense layers. Proactive measures are necessary to prevent disasters before they occur.
Finally, secondary risks like fires and geological hazards caused by earthquakes must also be considered. Future housing designs should include better fire resistance and account for foundation stability to enhance overall safety.