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Autumn is a crucial time for managing apple orchards after the fruit harvest. According to experienced fruit growers, applying base fertilizer in autumn yields significant benefits compared to spring or winter applications. Using the same amount and quality of fertilizer, autumn application can boost fruit set by 8–10% and increase yield by 10–15%. This makes it a highly effective practice for improving productivity and tree health.
One of the main advantages of applying base fertilizer in autumn is that it helps replenish the nutrients that the apple tree has used throughout the growing season. From early spring growth to flowering and fruiting, the tree relies on stored nutrients from the previous year. Autumn is the ideal period to build up these reserves, ensuring the tree has enough energy to support the next season's growth.
Another benefit is that during winter and spring, the low temperatures slow down the decomposition of organic fertilizers. If applied at this time, the nutrients may not be fully absorbed by the tree, leading to excessive shoot growth that can interfere with flower bud development and reduce fruit setting. Applying fertilizer in autumn allows the nutrients to be gradually released, avoiding such issues.
In addition, autumn fertilization improves soil structure by increasing porosity, making the soil looser and better at retaining moisture. This helps protect the orchard from drought during the dry winter and spring months, while also helping to maintain a stable ground temperature, which protects the roots from frost damage.
Applying base fertilizer in autumn also promotes root recovery. Any small roots that are accidentally damaged during the process can heal quickly, and new roots are encouraged to grow, which enhances nutrient uptake and overall tree vitality.
When applying base fertilizer in autumn, there are several important considerations:
1. **Combine Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers**: It’s best to use organic fertilizer as the main source, supplemented with quick-acting fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Before application, mix the organic material with phosphate sources like superphosphate. During application, add a certain amount of fast-acting nitrogen sources such as urea, ammonium bicarbonate, or ammonium sulfate.
2. **Choose the Right Time**: The timing of fertilization depends on the variety of apple trees. Generally, it's best to apply the fertilizer just before or after the autumn equinox, typically after the harvest in late September for late varieties.
3. **Determine the Amount Based on Yield**: For young trees, apply 15–20 kg of manure or chicken manure along with 1–2.5 kg of ammonium sulfate. For trees that have started producing fruit, use 100–150 kg of compost and 20–25 kg of human or chicken manure. The quantity of organic fertilizer should be adjusted based on the expected yield. For example, if the yield is around 2000 kg per mu (about 0.67 acres), use “jinjinjinfei†(a traditional measure). For higher yields (2500–3500 kg per mu), apply “six pounds and half fat,†combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
4. **Choose the Right Fertilization Method**: The method depends on the tree’s condition and soil fertility:
- **Ring Fertilization**: Dig a 30 cm wide and deep ring groove outside the canopy and fill it with organic fertilizer.
- **Radiation Ditch Fertilization**: Create 30×30×50 cm ditches radiating out from the tree, and cover them with fertilizer. Alternate areas each year to expand the fertilization zone.
- **Ditch Fertilization**: Apply fertilizer between rows or in intercropping areas, often combined with deep plowing.
- **Whole Garden Fertilization**: Used for mature or densely planted orchards where the root system covers the entire area. Spread the fertilizer evenly and incorporate it into the soil.
By following these practices, farmers can ensure their apple trees receive the necessary nutrients at the right time, leading to healthier growth, better fruit production, and long-term orchard sustainability.
Author: Gu Youjiang
Source: Gansu Science and Technology News
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