The study of electric lighting began in the late 1700s, with early experiments laying the foundation for future innovations. By the early 1800s, British inventor H. David introduced the carbon arc lamp, marking one of the first practical electric light sources. In 1879, Thomas Edison from the United States developed a long-lasting and practical carbon filament incandescent bulb, ushering humanity into the era of electric lighting. This was a major milestone, as it replaced gas and oil lamps that had been used for centuries.

In 1907, tungsten filaments were introduced, offering greater durability and brightness compared to carbon filaments. Then, in 1912, American scientist Irving Langmuir and his team pioneered the development of filled incandescent lamps, which significantly improved efficiency and lifespan. These advancements made incandescent bulbs more widely applicable in homes and industries.

By the early 1930s, low-pressure sodium lamps were successfully developed, providing efficient lighting for street and industrial use. In 1938, fluorescent lamps emerged in Europe and the U.S., boasting three times the efficiency and lifespan of traditional incandescent bulbs. This marked a major breakthrough in electric lighting technology. The 1940s saw the rise of high-pressure mercury lamps, while the late 1950s brought halogen tungsten lamps—smaller, lighter, and with less light decay, revolutionizing thermal radiation sources.

In the 1960s, metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps were developed, offering even higher luminous efficiency than their predecessors. By the 1980s, compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps, low-power high-pressure sodium lamps, and low-power metal halide lamps became available, leading to a new era of smaller, more efficient, and electronically controlled lighting solutions.

The invention of electric light sources not only transformed daily life but also spurred the development of electrical devices and infrastructure. Electric lighting is known for its high energy conversion efficiency, stable power supply, ease of control, and safety. It allows for accurate measurement of energy consumption through meters, which is why it has remained popular for over a century. Today, it is essential in households, industries, agriculture, transportation, and scientific research.

Globally, lighting accounts for about 10% to 20% of total electricity consumption. In China, lighting uses around 10% of the country's power generation. As modernization accelerates, the demand for lighting continues to grow, creating a mismatch between rising energy needs and sustainable growth. This has led to increased focus on developing and promoting energy-efficient electric light sources, such as LED and other advanced technologies, to meet future demands while reducing environmental impact.

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