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Sheep fat white jade, also known as "white jade" or "Yangzhiyu" in Chinese, is considered the highest quality of nephrite jade and is extremely rare and valuable. This type of jade is characterized by its pure, milky-white color, resembling the soft, white fat of a sheep. It is often described as looking like sheep oil—smooth, lustrous, and slightly translucent. If it contains any color other than white, it cannot be classified as true sheep fat white jade.
Some varieties may have a slight pinkish tint, which has led some to call it "goat jade," though this term is not widely accepted by jade experts. Another nickname for this jade is "powder jade," referring to its soft, powdery texture when viewed under certain lighting conditions. The composition of sheep fat white jade is primarily tremolite (about 95%), along with smaller amounts of actinolite and epidote. Its fine grain, smooth surface, and glossy appearance give it a gelatin-like feel, making it highly sought after.
In ancient texts, the term "Bai Bi Xian" was used to describe this kind of white jade, emphasizing its purity and beauty. A photograph of this exquisite material can be seen below.
Jue Suet, a special type of Hetian white jade, is regarded as the finest example of pure white jade. It possesses an exceptional luster and texture, with a warm, firm, and flawless appearance that resembles melted gelatin. One of the easiest ways to distinguish genuine sheep fat white jade from regular white jade is by examining it under a white fluorescent light. Under such lighting, sheep fat white jade appears as a pure, translucent white with a subtle, powdery glow. In contrast, ordinary white jade may appear translucent but lacks this powdery effect.
Another key difference is that even high-quality white jade will show a slight yellowish hue under fluorescent light, while true sheep fat white jade should remain completely white. Therefore, if there's even a hint of yellow, it cannot be considered genuine sheep fat white jade. Only the rarest and most authentic pieces meet these strict standards and are truly remarkable.
Throughout history, Yangzhiyu has been highly prized, symbolizing virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, and purity. It also represents noble and auspicious qualities like beauty, grace, and serenity. In ancient China, only the emperor was allowed to wear this precious stone, highlighting its cultural and symbolic significance.