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In recent years, the author has visited several fruit-producing regions and observed that some local farmers are still using outdated fertilization techniques. One such method is known as "one shelling." This approach involves applying organic and inorganic fertilizers in the fall, with only a single application during the entire growing season. However, this practice is not suitable for fruit trees because it doesn't align with their nutrient needs throughout the year.
Most northern deciduous fruit trees have a long growth cycle, and their demand for the three main nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—varies by season. For example, nitrogen uptake peaks in spring, while potassium absorption increases significantly during the fruit expansion phase after flowering. Phosphorus, on the other hand, is taken up more evenly throughout the growing season without a distinct peak. Therefore, applying all inorganic fertilizers at once, especially in the fall, can lead to inefficiencies.
If farmers apply all the necessary nitrogen and potassium for the entire year along with organic fertilizer in the autumn, the nutrients may not be absorbed effectively by the trees. Since the trees are not in their peak absorption period for these nutrients, excess nitrogen and potassium may become fixed in the soil or leach away, leading to a shortage in the following seasons.
Each 100 kilograms of fruit produced requires a scientifically determined ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Based on this ratio, considering the efficiency of the fertilizers and their potential loss, an appropriate amount of inorganic fertilizer should be applied. However, this total does not mean applying everything at once. Instead, it refers to the annual total, which should be divided into multiple applications based on the tree's needs during different growth stages.
Some fruit farmers mistakenly believe that applying fertilizers once is sufficient, confusing the characteristics of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are typically applied once after harvest due to their slow-release nature and their role in improving soil structure. In contrast, inorganic fertilizers act quickly but have a shorter duration. It’s best to apply them according to the specific nutrient requirements of the trees during each season. A well-planned and staged fertilization strategy ensures that fruit trees receive the right nutrients at the right time, promoting healthier growth and higher yields.