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**Abstract**
On December 6, 1963, China successfully developed its first synthetic diamond. Over the past five decades, the superhard materials industry in China has experienced remarkable growth, driven by collaborative efforts between scientific research, production, and application. As a result, China has become one of the leading producers of superhard materials. Starting from the 1970s, the industry evolved from producing simple cylindrical PCD to a wide range of advanced products, including PCD, PDC, CBN, PCBN, nano-diamond, CVD diamond, and high-strength coarse-grain diamonds. These materials have been tailored to meet various industrial needs and some are now approaching international standards. They are widely used in sawing tools, precision grinding tools, cutting tools, and petroleum drilling bits, contributing significantly to the country’s economic development.
Shengli Oilfield and its Dongying area house five diamond factories and seven types of diamond drill bits. This paper summarizes the development and application of superhard materials and their products within the Shengli Oilfield Drilling Technology Research Institute, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Chinese synthetic diamond.
**I. Development and Application of Diamond Drill Bits**
1. **PCD Three-Scraper Bit**
In the early years of Shengli Oilfield, soft-to-medium hard Tertiary formations were drilled using steel-type carbide scraper bits. However, due to poor wear resistance, these bits could only be used in shallow sections up to 1,500 meters. Domestic roller cone bits faced similar limitations, with short bit life and low efficiency. In 1973, the Shengli Oilfield Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute collaborated with the Zhengzhou Abrasives Research Institute to develop a “synthetic diamond polycrystalline scraper bit.†The PCD was embedded into tungsten carbide components using cold-pressure impregnation welding. The first trial of a Φ216mm three-scraper bit in 1974 achieved a footage of 2,260.64m and a mechanical drilling speed of 42.77m/h. By 1975, the single-bit footage reached 2,412.30m, meeting the target requirement of 2,300–2,500m. The bit was named “75-Type Synthetic Diamond Polycrystalline Scraper Bit†and received recognition from the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. Despite some issues like PCD particle detachment, further improvements led to the “78-Type†version in 1978, which set national records for single-bit footage. However, challenges such as high torque and difficulty in handling led to a decline in usage after 1990, prompting the need for new diamond drill bit developments.
2. **Remanufactured Multi-Edge Synthetic Diamond Polycrystalline Core Bit**
In 1984, during drilling in the granitic gneiss formation in the Zhengjia area, existing coring bits failed to meet requirements. A remanufactured PCD core bit was introduced, using a pressureless impregnation welding method. It achieved an average footage of 7.5m per bit and was certified by Shengli Oilfield in 1985.
3. **Cylindrical Polycrystalline Single-Cone Core Bit**
Developed in 1987, this bit used high-wear-resistant PCD and achieved an average footage of 68.09m and a mechanical drilling speed of 0.89m/h. It set a national record for medium-hard ground core drilling.
4. **Triangular Polycrystalline Diamond Core Bit**
Introduced in 1986, this bit improved coring performance in sandstone and mudstone formations. It achieved an average footage of 47.8m and was recognized as an advanced domestic product.
5. **Composite PCD Core Bit**
In 1995, a composite PCD bit combining cylindrical and triangular PCD was developed to enhance impact resistance and reduce breakage. It was patented in 2003.
6. **PDC Bit**
Since the 1980s, PDC bits gained popularity due to their superior performance in soft to medium-hard formations. In 1985, Shengli Oilfield began developing steel-type PDC bits, achieving significant drilling speeds. The PDC-Z1-215 bit set a national record in 1987.
7. **Impregnated Diamond Drill Bit**
Before 2000, natural diamond bits were commonly used. With the rise of domestic synthetic diamond, impregnated bits became more viable. In 2001, a domestically produced impregnated bit achieved good results in a hornblende eclogite formation. Later, it was used in deep wells in Sichuan and Xinjiang, demonstrating the adaptability of Chinese synthetic diamonds.
**II. Development of Diamond Drilling Tools Accessories**
With the increase in deep and ultra-deep wells, the durability of drilling accessories became critical. PDC composites were used to manufacture centralizers, reamers, and other tools. In a 5,000m core drilling project, a PCD reamer was developed, proving effective in maintaining wellbore integrity.
**III. Development of Superhard Materials**
The 1970s marked a period of rapid growth in China’s superhard materials industry. The PCD scraper bit played a key role in Shengli Oilfield’s exploration, leading to increased focus on superhard material production. In 1976, a synthetic diamond production line was established, and various PCD products were developed, including cylindrical composite PCD, boron-containing PCD, and triangular PCD. These innovations contributed to technological progress and won multiple awards.
**IV. Reflections and Challenges**
Over the years, the industry has seen both progress and challenges. While domestic PCD products have improved, imported alternatives still offer better performance in certain applications. The competition among superhard material enterprises has led to consolidation, leaving only a few factories active. Nonetheless, the development of high-performance PDC and PDC products remains a critical challenge for the industry.
(Excerpt from "China's Superhard Materials Industry Fifty Years")