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**Abstract**
On December 6, 1963, China made history by producing its first synthetic diamond. Over the past 50 years, the superhard materials industry in China has experienced remarkable growth through the collaborative efforts of research, production, and application. Today, China stands as a major global producer of superhard materials. Since the 1970s, the industry has evolved from a single cylindrical PCD to a wide range of products including PCD, PDC, CBN, PCBN, nano-diamond, CVD diamond, and high-strength coarse-grain diamond. These materials have been tailored to meet various industrial needs, with some reaching international standards. They are widely used in sawing tools, grinding equipment, cutting tools, and oil drilling bits, significantly contributing to the rapid development of the national economy. In the Shengli Oilfield and its Dongying area, there are five diamond factories and seven types of diamond drill bits. This paper aims to summarize the development and application of superhard materials and their products within the Shengli Oilfield Drilling Technology Research Institute, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the birth of Chinese synthetic diamonds.
**I. Development and Application of Diamond Drill Bits**
1. **PCD Three-Scraper Bit**
In the early days of the Shengli Oilfield, soft to medium-hard Tertiary formations were typically drilled using steel-type carbide scraper bits. However, due to the low wear resistance of cemented carbide, these bits were only suitable for shallow sections up to 1,500 meters. At that time, domestic roller cone bits could only reach 150 to 200 meters due to bearing quality issues, leading to short service life. To address this challenge, in 1973, the Shengli Oilfield Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute collaborated with the Zhengzhou Abrasives Research Institute to develop a "synthetic diamond polycrystalline scraper bit." Using 6×6 mm PCD developed by Zhengzhou, the PCD was embedded into a tungsten carbide matrix via cold-pressure impregnation welding. The trial production of a 216 mm three-scraper bit was tested in the Din 123 well in July 1974, achieving a footage of 2,260.64 m and a mechanical drilling speed of 42.77 m/h. By 1975, the bit achieved a record of 2,412.30 m, meeting the target requirement of 2,300–2,500 m. The Ministry of Petroleum Industry and the Ministry of Machinery Industry highly praised it, naming it the "75-type synthetic diamond polycrystalline scraper bit." Despite initial issues with PCD particle detachment, further improvements were made. In 1975, a new project was launched to develop a jet-type PCD scraper bit, using pressureless dip soldering to embed PCD into a tungsten carbide matrix. By 1978, the "78-type" version was approved and won the National Science Conference Award. In 1979, it set a national record of 3,135.78 m, but due to high torque and operational challenges, usage declined after 1990.
2. **Remanufactured Multi-Edge Synthetic Diamond Polycrystalline Core Bit**
In 1984, the Zhengjia area of the Shengli Oilfield faced hard granitic gneiss layers that traditional coring bits could not handle. A remanufactured PCD core bit was successfully tested, achieving an average footage of 7.5 m and a mechanical drilling speed of 0.31 m/h. It was certified by the Shengli Oilfield Science and Technology Commission and won a science award in 1986, marking a new era in superhard material applications.
3. **Cylindrical Polycrystalline Single-Cone Core Bit**
Developed in 1987, this bit used high-wear-resistant PCD and achieved an average footage of 68.09 m and a mechanical drilling speed of 0.89 m/h. It reached domestic advanced levels and set a new record for medium-hard formations. Certified in 1988, it won a science award in 1990.
4. **Triangular Polycrystalline Diamond Core Bit**
Introduced in 1986, this bit was designed for plastic and brittle formations, especially deep wells with high mud density. It achieved an average footage of 47.8 m and a mechanical drilling speed of 1.27 m/h, winning a science award in 1993.
5. **Composite PCD Core Bit**
Developed in 1995, this bit combined cylindrical and triangular PCD to improve performance. It replaced single triangular PCD bits and was patented in 2003.
6. **PDC Bit**
PDC bits, developed in the 1980s, outperformed other bits in soft to medium-hard formations. The Shengli Institute developed steel-type PDC bits using vacuum diffusion welding, achieving a record of 1,124.59 m in 1987. These bits became widely used, with over 1,500 units produced annually since 2001.
7. **Impregnated Diamond Drill Bit**
Before 2000, natural diamond bits were commonly used. With the rise of synthetic diamond, impregnated bits gained popularity. In 2001, a domestically produced impregnated bit drilled 3.34 m in hornblende eclogite. Later, in Sichuan and Xinjiang, these bits performed well, showing the potential of domestic synthetic diamonds.
**II. Development of Diamond Drilling Tools Accessories**
As deep wells increased, so did the need for durable accessories. PDC composite sheets were used to make centralizers and reamers. For example, in a 5,000-meter core drilling project, a PCD reamer with a tungsten carbide matrix was used, achieving 251.35 hours of continuous use, proving the effectiveness of superhard materials in drilling accessories.
**III. Development of Superhard Materials**
The 1970s marked a turning point for China’s superhard materials industry. The PCD scraper bit played a key role in Shengli Oilfield, prompting the establishment of a synthetic diamond production line in 1976. Various PCD products were developed, including cylindrical composites, boron-containing polycrystals, and triangular PCD, all contributing to advancements in drilling technology.
**IV. Deep Reflections**
In 1975, I participated in the development of the 78-type PCD scraper bit, witnessing the rapid progress of China’s superhard materials industry. While domestic products have improved, challenges remain. For instance, imported PDC often performs better than domestic ones, highlighting the need for continued innovation. Despite competition, China remains a leader in the field, and the future of superhard materials looks promising. (Excerpt from “China’s Superhard Materials Industry Fifty Yearsâ€)