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In diamonds, impurities like nitrogen or other atoms can create color centers, such as the NV center, which is formed when a nitrogen atom replaces a carbon atom and leaves a vacancy adjacent to it. These NV centers are non-toxic, light-stable, and can be embedded inside living cells, making them ideal for biomedical applications. They also have the unique ability to detect extremely weak magnetic fields, which makes them valuable in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and nanoscale sensing.
Unlike conventional magnetic resonance imaging, which requires millions of spins to generate a signal, NV defects can detect single spins with nanometer-level precision. This opens up exciting possibilities for high-resolution sensing and quantum information processing.
Historically, the production of high-quality nanodiamonds through high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) methods introduced many paramagnetic impurities, severely limiting their usefulness. This long-standing challenge has now been overcome by a team led by Professor Dirk Englund at MIT. Using a self-assembled multi-space metal mask combined with reactive ion etching, they developed ultra-pure nanodiamonds with no paramagnetic impurities. The NV spin states in these diamonds remain coherent for up to 210 microseconds—significantly longer than previous records.
The new method also improves the magnetic field sensitivity to 290 nT Hz–1/2, potentially enabling magnetic sensors with sub-50 nm resolution. Team member Matthew Trusheim noted that the process allows for the controlled creation of hundreds of millions of NV defects without extensive manual intervention, making large-scale production more feasible.
Beyond sensing, NV centers have potential applications in photonic structures, single-photon sources, and quantum entanglement. Quantum computers leverage the principle of superposition, where qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing and significantly faster computation. While the current NV-based qubits are still unstable due to environmental noise, this research represents a major step forward in achieving reliable quantum hardware.
The process involved depositing a gold-palladium mask on a high-purity diamond substrate, which self-assembled into nanoscale droplets. Oxygen plasma etching then removed unwanted parts of the diamond, while the mask protected certain regions, creating clean nanodiamonds. Finally, mechanical peeling was used to separate the nano-diamonds from the substrate, resulting in high-purity crystals free of impurities.
This research, supported by Columbia University and the City University of New York, was published in the latest issue of *Nano Letters*. It marks a significant milestone in the development of practical quantum technologies and paves the way for future breakthroughs in nanoscale sensing and quantum computing.
Abstract American scientists have made a groundbreaking achievement by extending the spin-coherence time of nanodiamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers to an impressive 200 microseconds, setting a new world record. This advancement was made possible using a novel material and advanced particle etching techniques. The nanodiamonds produced in this study are expected to play a key role in future quantum technologies, such as magnetic resonance probes and quantum computing systems. NV centers in nanodiamonds are considered one of the most promising materials for next-generation quantum devices. However, traditional nanodiamonds often contain paramagnetic impurities that cause instability in the electron spin state, limiting coherence times to just microseconds. This has been a major obstacle in applying these materials to real-world quantum technologies.