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Phoxim is a highly effective and low-toxic insecticide known for its strong stomach toxicity and contact action, but it does not have systemic properties. Once applied, the compound quickly penetrates pests and inhibits their acetylcholinesterase, disrupting nerve signals and leading to their death. This article will guide you through how phoxim can be used to control pests in vegetable farming effectively.
Phoxim is sensitive to high temperatures and light, breaking down rapidly under sunlight, which means its effectiveness is short-lived. The most common formulation is 50% emulsifiable concentrate, ideal for managing both above-ground and underground pests in vegetable crops.
1. **Controlling Vegetable Pests**:
For controlling pests like the diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar, it is recommended to use 30–40 ml of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate per acre, mixed with 40–60 kg of water for spraying. To manage thrips and the cotton bollworm (Spodoptera litura), apply 50 ml of the same concentrate per acre, again diluted in 40–60 kg of water.
2. **Controlling Underground Pests**:
To protect crops like corn, peanuts, and large-seeded vegetables from mites, nematodes, and wireworms, mix 125 ml of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate with 5 kg of water and evenly coat 50 kg of seeds. Ensure no visible liquid remains on the seed surface before sowing. For corn, soybeans, and legumes, prepare a 5% toxic sand by mixing 1000 ml of 50% phoxim concentrate with 1 kg of water and blending it into 10 kg of fine sand (1–2 mm in size). Apply 2–2.5 kg of this mixture during planting.
**Important Notes**:
Apply phoxim in the evening or when there's no dew, and always use the solution immediately after mixing. Store treated seeds in a dark, dry place to avoid degradation of the active ingredient. Stop application 5 days before harvest. Some crops, such as cucumbers and kidney beans, are highly sensitive to phoxim. A 500-fold dilution may cause phytotoxicity, while a 1000-fold dilution may still cause mild damage. Always ensure the concentration is at least 1000 times. Use caution when applying to cruciferous vegetables during the seedling stage.
This method provides an efficient way to manage pest-free vegetable crops and control underground pests using phoxim insecticides. It’s a practical approach for farmers looking to maintain crop health while minimizing chemical impact.